아티라스의 훈 제국(Attila)

북흉누와는 별도로, 그들의 남쪽 부족들에게 심하게 구타당하고 그들의 땅에서 쫓겨나 산유 지지의Shanyu Jiji 기치 아래 모였다. 그들은 간구라는 부족과 동맹을 맺고 4세기 후반에 서쪽으로 출발하여 훈족이라는 이름으로 역사에 이름을 남겼다. 고대 로마 제국의 멸망에 기여한 것은 바로 이 동부 야만인들이었다.

훈스 Huns
     테오도시오스 1세가 죽은 후, 로마 제국은 로마에 수도를 둔 서로마 제국과 콘스탄티노플에 수도를 둔 동로마 제국으로 분열되었다. 콘스탄티노플에 대한 주요 위협은 오늘날 헝가리 스텝에 세워진 강력하고 신비로운 훈Huns국가에서 나왔다. 

신의 근원
     A 434년에.아틸라Attila는 캅카스에서 루이네까지 이어지는 이 주의 지도자가 되었고, 스스로를 신의 근원이라고 이름 지었다. 이 스물여덟 살의 아이는 천재로 군 역사에 남을 운명이었다. 다뉴브 강에 있는 고대 판노니아를 수도로 삼은 훈족은 422년 그의 지휘 아래 동로마를 공격하고 아드리아노플 시를 약탈했다. 451년 그들은 서부 로마를 공격하고 이탈리아로 침입하여 성스러운 도시 로마에 불을 지르려고 시도했다. 역사는 교황 레오(Leo)가 아틸라(Attila)에게 개인적으로 호소했기 때문에 그 위험을 피했다고 증언한다. 야만인들의 야만적인 공격은 451년 로마와 비시고트 연합군에 의해 오에티우스와 레오 1세의 지도하에 카탈라움 계곡(현재의 프랑스와 벨기에 북부)에서 중단되었다. 신의 근원은 서기 453년에 파노니아로 돌아와 곧 죽었다. 

아틸라Attila는 누구였나요?
     훈 제국은 아틸라 왕의 죽음 직후에 무너졌다. 유럽인들은 흉포한 징기스칸의 조상이 동부 훈족이라는 것을 알게 되기까지 수백 년이 걸렸다. 이 사실은 1748년 프랑스 학자 디겐에 의해 발견되었다. 

시안비Xianbi
     A.D 1세기경 동후Donghu는 흉누를 계승한 시안비Xianbi 제국으로 부상했다. 141년부터 181년까지 톈시화(天➡華)Tyan Shihua 황제가 다스리던 시절, 시안비는 모든 옛 후누 영토를 장악하고 중국을 주기적으로 공격하기 시작했다. 그들은 현대 혁명적인 군사 전술을 사용했을 뿐만 아니라 시간이 지날수록 향상되었다. 전멸 직전의 한 황제들은 톈시화에게 선물을 보내고 그를 왕조로 청혼했다. 공격은 3세기까지 계속되었고 서기 210년에 한나라가 멸망했다. 이전에 진시황제에 의해 통일되었던 중국은 다시 한번 해체되었다.

토바Toba
     3세기 중반, 토바Toba라는 이름의 유목민족이 권력을 장악하고 흉누와 시안비 제국이 뒤따르는 것과는 다른 길을 추구했다. 그 당시, 중국은 위, 슈, 우의 세 왕조가 중국 각지에 독자적으로 통치하던 삼국시대로부터 진입했다. 유목민 토바족은 웨이 왕조를 세웠고, 칸 토바 구이는 모든 유목민족을 하나로 묶었을 뿐만 아니라 남쪽으로 돌진하여 하탄 강(또는 황) 북쪽의 모든 땅을 점령했다. 395년, 토바Toba 구이는 오늘날 산시 성의 핑청 시에 자신의 수도를 세우기 위해 중국의 권능, 즉 황디Huangdi를 선포했다. 한때 정착민들을 습격하여 약탈하거나 조공을 바치도록 강요했던 유목민들은 이제 그들의 영토에서 그들을 정착시키고 굴렸다. 그것들은 중국 고대 역사 문헌에서 토지 임대료에 동등성 제도를 도입했다는 평가를 받고 있다. 581년 중국의 장군 옌젠이 중국을 통일하고 수나라를 세웠을 때, 그는 도바족이 동화되어 더 이상 중국인과 구별이 되지 않았기 때문에 유목민들을 몰아내지 못했다. 

쥬잔Jujuan
    최근 연구에 따르면 몽골 출신의 최초의 강력한 유목 국가는 중국에서 Jujuan (Rouran)이라고 불리는 부족이었습니다. Jujuans 또는 "땋은 머리를 가진 사람들"은 한가이 산맥에서 칸의 궁정을 열었고 330-555 년에 바이칼 호수에서 고비까지, 그리고 Harshar에서 한국으로 이어지는 제국을 통치했습니다. “칸”이라는 제목을 소개 한 것은 바로 그들입니다. 일부 Jujuans는 터키의 지배를 받기 위해 뒤에 머물 렀지 만 다른 사람들은 Ural 산맥을 넘어 오늘날 헝가리 인 유럽 대초원으로 이동하여 8 세기에 Charlemagne에 의해 패배 할 때까지 Avars로 알려진 그곳에서 살았습니다. 그 Jujuans 또는 Avars는 흑해의 북쪽 해안에 정착하여 콘스탄티노플 (이전의 비잔티움)과 평화 협정을 중개했습니다. 이것은 그들을 쫓아낸 터키인들을 크게 짜증 나게 했고, 징기스칸이 오기 전에 아시아에서 가장 크고 가장 강력한 유목 국가 인 투르크 칸국의 출현을 야기했을지도 모른다.

---

Apart from the northern Hunnu, badly beaten and driven out from their lands by their southern relatives, gathered under the banner of Shanyu Jiji. They allied themselves with a tribe called Kangu and set out westward in the late fourth century, entering history under the name of the Huns. It was these eastern barbarians who contributed to the downfall of the ancient Roman Empire.

The Huns

     After the death of Empower Theodosius I, the Roman Empire split into the Western Roman Empire, with its capital in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire with the capital in Constantinople. The major threat to Constantinople emanated from the powerful,  mysterious Hun state, which was established in the present-day Hungarian steppe. 

The Source of God

     In 434 A.D king, Attila became the leader of this state that stretched from the Caucasus to the Rhuine, and named himself the Source of God. This twenty-eight-year-old was destined to go down in military history as a genius. The Huns, who made the ancient Pannonia on the Danube their capital, struck Eastern Rome in 422 under his leadership and pillaged the city of Adrianople. In 451 they attacked Western Rome and broke into Italy, where they attempted to set fire to the holy city of Rome. History testifies that the danger was averted only because Pope Leo appealed personally to Attila. The savage onslaught of the barbarians was stopped in 451 in the valley of Katalaum (present-day northern France and Belgium) by the allied forces of Rome and the Visigoth under the leadership of the Oetius and Leo I. The Source of God returned to Pannonia to die shortly afterward in 453.A.D. 

Who Was Attila?

     The Hun Empire collapsed shortly following the death of King Attila. It took Europeans a few hundred years to learn that the eastern Huns were ancestors to the ferocious Genghis Khan. This fact was discovered by French scholar Digen in 1748. 

Xianbi

     Around the first century A.D the Donghu emerged as the Xianbi Empire, successors to the weekend Hunnu. From 141 to 181, under the rule or emperor Tyan Shihua, the Xianbi gained control over all the former Hunnu territories and were beginning to make periodical assault on China. they not only used but over time improved, Moden’s revolutionary military tactics. On the brink of annihilation, the Han emperors sent gifts to Tyan Shihua and invited him to marry into the dynasty. The assaults continued until the third century and in 210 A.D, the Han dynasty fell. China, previously unified by Qin Shi Huangi disintegrated once again.

Toba

     By the middle of the third century, a nomadic tribe under the name of Toba rose to power and pursued a different path from that followed by the Hunnu and Xianbi empires. At that time, China then entered into its period of history known as Three Kingdoms wherein the three dynasties of Wei, Shu, and Wu ruled independently over different parts of the country. The Nomadic Toba people established the Wei dynasty, and their Khan Toba Gui not only united all nomadic tribes but charged southward, seizing all lands north of the Hatan (or Yellow) River. In 395, Toba Gui proclaimed himself Empower of China, or Huangdi, setting up his capital in Pingcheng City in present-day Shanxi province. These nomads, who had once raided and looted sedentary peoples or coerced them into paying tributes, now settled and roled them from their own territories. They are praised in Chinese ancient historical writings for initiating an equivalency system in the land rental. When Chinese general Yanjian reunified China and established the Sui dynasty in 581, he had no drive the nomads out, since the Toba people had been assimilated, and were no longer distinguishable from the Chinese. 

Jujuan

     According to recent research, the first powerful nomadic nation of Mongol origin was a tribe which Chinese sources called Jujuan (Rouran). The Jujuans, or “the ones with braided hair,” held their Khan’s court in the Hangai Mountains and from 330-555 ruled an empire stretching from Lake Baikal to the Gobi and from Harshar to Korea. It was they, who introduced the title “Khan.” While some Jujuans stayed behind to be ruled by the Turks, others moved over the Ural Mountains to the European steppes, in what today is Hungary, and lived there, known as the Avars, until their defeat by Charlemagne in the eighth century. Those Jujuans, or Avars, settled down on the northern shore of the Black Sea and brokered peace accords with Constantinople (formerly Byzantium). This greatly annoyed the Turks, who had ousted them and may very well have caused the emergence of the Turkic Khanate, Asia’s largest and most powerful nomadic state before the rise of Genghis Khan.